The Carajás Mine is the world's largest iron ore mine and is located in the state of Para in Northern Brazil.
Fully owned by Brazilian miner Vale (CVRD), the mine holds over 1.5 billion tons of iron ore in reserves.
The Carajas region boasts the richest reserves and concentrations of iron ore anywhere in the world and was discovered entirely by accident in the late 60s when a US Steel Helicopter was forced to land on a hill in the area to refuel. Surveyors on board noted the baron state of the hill and subsequently discovered that the iron content was as high as 66%.
Other mineral deposits were discovered later; Carajás is rich not only in iron ore but also ores for manganese, copper, tin, aluminium and even gold.
US Steel wanted to develop the Carajás iron deposit but the Brazilian Government was unwilling to hand control over to a foreign company. Brazil is currently the world's largest exporter of iron ore with annual production of over 200Mt.
In 1970 the Brazilian government opted instead to create a joint venture company, Amazonias Mineração SA (AMZA), of which 51% was owned by Vale and 49% was
US Steel subsequently withdrew from the joint venture in 1977 by selling its share to CVRD for $55m. Vale produced a record 296 million metric tons of iron ore at the Carajas Mine for 2007, a 12% rise on 2006. Vale is expected to announce in 2008 the results of a tender for the expansion of the Carajas mine. The $2.48bn project, "Carajas 130," will add 30 million tons a year to the current capacity of 100 million tons a year, the company says.
Geology and reserves
The Carajás ores are found within Archaean iron formations. The volcanic sequence has been weathered to a depth of between 100m and 150m, while oxidation is observed to a depth of up to 500m in the BIFs of the ore zone.
The upper 80% of the reserve comprises a soft, friable enriched limonite near surface passing down into hematite to a vertical depth of around 300m. Hematite rich, but harder and more siliceous pods occur within the soft hematite, but also as a transition to the un-enriched BIF at depth.
The Carajás District contains known reserves of the order of 18 billion tons with an average grade of 65.4% Fe. The reserves are distributed in a number of deposit groups, the largest of which is the North Range with - 6,200Mt @ 65.8% Fe, 0.038% P, 1.0% SiO2, 1.05% Al2O3, 0.45% Mn, 0.01% S, 0.02% KO, 0.03% Na2O and 1.88% LOI. The other reserves include: South Range, 35km to the south – 10,400Mt @ 66.3% Fe; East Ridge – 400Mt @ 65.9% Fe; and South Felix Ridge – 600Mt @ 62.8% Fe. The current production contains < 1% Al2O3, < 1% SiO2, < 0.03% P2O5 and < 0.3Mn, with about 10% lump and 90% fines.
Monday, May 11, 2009
Blue Ridge PGE Project, South Africa
Ridge Mining's Blue Ridge project is situated on the Blaauwbank farm, about 30km south-east of Groblersdal, on the eastern limb of the Bushveld Igneous Complex (BIC), South Africa.
Ridge Mining started exploration work on the project in 2001 and completed a feasibility study at the end of 2005. Mine development, estimated to cost $170m, began in January 2007.
The project is a 50:50 joint venture between Ridge Mining and BEE partner Imbani, which had invested more than $100m of equity by December 2008. In December 2007, project finance agreements were signed with a consortium of banks consisting of the Development Bank of Southern Africa, the Industrial Development Corporation of South Africa, Standard Bank and Investec Bank for R715m, giving full finance through to first production, which is set for the end of 2008.
The cash operating cost assumption for Blue Ridge is $660/oz to produce platinum, palladium, rhodium and gold, giving an expected payback period of five years.
The eastern limb of the BIC, like the rest of the complex, consists of distinct rock strata, including three PGE-bearing layers known as reefs, with one being the UG2 chromitite reef.
The PGEs in the UG2 chromitite occur primarily in discrete mineral phases, varying from sulphide assemblages (predominantly cooperite, braggite, malanite and laurite) to those consisting of a significant component of alloys (such as Pt-Fe alloy) or various telluride, bismuthinide, bismuthotelluride, arsenide and sulpharsenide phases.
Resources
Total Measured, Indicated and Inferred resources are put at 89.9Mt, which includes 38.7Mt of Indicated resources from the neighbouring Millennium area, acquired by Ridge in March 2008, giving a contained 4PGE figure of 9.2Moz at an average grade of 3.2g/t. Total Proved and Probable reserves are nearly 22Mt to give a contained 4PGE figure of nearly 2.3Moz at 3.3g/t.
Production
The mine development is based on two decline shafts; a 700m-long belt decline, which will be used for transporting ore, and an 850m-long truck decline. During 2008 work focused on opening up production levels and faces in readiness for mining to begin in earnest. The plan is to mine only the higher grade portion of the reef, using a method called "Efficient Cut".
Before the plant was commissioned, Ridge Mining stockpiled more than 200,000t of ore – about two months’ worth of throughput for the plant in full production – allowing enough ore to be processed through the concentrator plant while the underground workings continue the ramp-up to full capacity, which is planned for the middle of 2009.
Annually the mine is forecast to produce about 75,000oz of platinum, 35,000oz of palladium, 22,000oz of ruthenium, 13,000oz of rhodium, 2,500oz of iridium and 1,500oz of gold over its initial 18-year life.
Processing
The ore will be processed using crushing, milling and flotation, then milling and flotation again to produce a concentrate. The ore will be fed through a primary ball mill and into primary roughers and cleaners, from where some of the feed will go to a care thickener and the rest to a secondary ball mill and roughers and cleaners, then on to tails thickeners. The concentrator plant is next to the entrance to the main decline shaft, which has a conveyor belt to bring the ore to the surface. Processing testwork show recoveries into concentrate of 82%-86%.
Ridge Mining started exploration work on the project in 2001 and completed a feasibility study at the end of 2005. Mine development, estimated to cost $170m, began in January 2007.
The project is a 50:50 joint venture between Ridge Mining and BEE partner Imbani, which had invested more than $100m of equity by December 2008. In December 2007, project finance agreements were signed with a consortium of banks consisting of the Development Bank of Southern Africa, the Industrial Development Corporation of South Africa, Standard Bank and Investec Bank for R715m, giving full finance through to first production, which is set for the end of 2008.
The cash operating cost assumption for Blue Ridge is $660/oz to produce platinum, palladium, rhodium and gold, giving an expected payback period of five years.
The eastern limb of the BIC, like the rest of the complex, consists of distinct rock strata, including three PGE-bearing layers known as reefs, with one being the UG2 chromitite reef.
The PGEs in the UG2 chromitite occur primarily in discrete mineral phases, varying from sulphide assemblages (predominantly cooperite, braggite, malanite and laurite) to those consisting of a significant component of alloys (such as Pt-Fe alloy) or various telluride, bismuthinide, bismuthotelluride, arsenide and sulpharsenide phases.
Resources
Total Measured, Indicated and Inferred resources are put at 89.9Mt, which includes 38.7Mt of Indicated resources from the neighbouring Millennium area, acquired by Ridge in March 2008, giving a contained 4PGE figure of 9.2Moz at an average grade of 3.2g/t. Total Proved and Probable reserves are nearly 22Mt to give a contained 4PGE figure of nearly 2.3Moz at 3.3g/t.
Production
The mine development is based on two decline shafts; a 700m-long belt decline, which will be used for transporting ore, and an 850m-long truck decline. During 2008 work focused on opening up production levels and faces in readiness for mining to begin in earnest. The plan is to mine only the higher grade portion of the reef, using a method called "Efficient Cut".
Before the plant was commissioned, Ridge Mining stockpiled more than 200,000t of ore – about two months’ worth of throughput for the plant in full production – allowing enough ore to be processed through the concentrator plant while the underground workings continue the ramp-up to full capacity, which is planned for the middle of 2009.
Annually the mine is forecast to produce about 75,000oz of platinum, 35,000oz of palladium, 22,000oz of ruthenium, 13,000oz of rhodium, 2,500oz of iridium and 1,500oz of gold over its initial 18-year life.
Processing
The ore will be processed using crushing, milling and flotation, then milling and flotation again to produce a concentrate. The ore will be fed through a primary ball mill and into primary roughers and cleaners, from where some of the feed will go to a care thickener and the rest to a secondary ball mill and roughers and cleaners, then on to tails thickeners. The concentrator plant is next to the entrance to the main decline shaft, which has a conveyor belt to bring the ore to the surface. Processing testwork show recoveries into concentrate of 82%-86%.
Black Thunder Coal Mine, WY, USA
The Black Thunder thermal coal mine, located in the Southern Powder River Basin of Wyoming, opened in 1977 and for many years was the largest single coal operation in the US. Having been relegated to second-largest, after Peabody's North Antelope-Rochelle operation, also in the Powder River Basin, in 2004 Black Thunder once again became the nation's leading coal-producer following Arch Coal's acquisition of the neighbouring North Rochelle mine from Triton Coal Co. The combined operation is now producing coal at a rate of around 91Mt/y, equivalent to about 10% of total US coal production. In 2004, Black Thunder became the first coal mine in the US to ship a cumulative 1,000Mst (907Mt) over its 27-year life to date.
Construction began at Black Thunder in 1976 with the installation of crushing, conveying, sampling and high-speed train-loading systems. Today, all plant processes are computer controlled, including the precision loadout systems and the hi-tech, near-pit crushing and conveying system installed in 1989.
Until 1998, Black Thunder was owned and operated by ARCO Coal, part of the Atlantic Richfield group. It is now owned by Arch Coal, the second-largest coal miner in the US, which bought the property following ARCO's withdrawal from the coal market.
GEOLOGY AND RESERVES
Black Thunder works coal reserves in the Wyodak seam. Hosted in the palaeocene Fort Union formation, which covers vast areas of Wyoming, Montana and the Dakotas, the seam at Black Thunder is gently dipping, 22m thick and locally splits into the Anderson and Canyon beds separated by up to 18m of waste. In 2004, Arch successfully bid $611m for the rights to mine the neighbouring Little Thunder reserves, which contain some 650Mt of recoverable coal, increasing the property’s reserves to 1,370Mt-plus.
COAL QUALITY
The mine produces low-sulphur, sub-bituminous coal suitable for power station fuel without any preparation except crushing. Black Thunder coal has a heating value of 20.3MJ/kg, and the ash contents are around 5% while as-received moisture is 25–30%. The moisture content of some Powder River Basin coals increases their reactivity to the extent that spontaneous combustion can be a problem if they are not properly handled.
Construction began at Black Thunder in 1976 with the installation of crushing, conveying, sampling and high-speed train-loading systems. Today, all plant processes are computer controlled, including the precision loadout systems and the hi-tech, near-pit crushing and conveying system installed in 1989.
Until 1998, Black Thunder was owned and operated by ARCO Coal, part of the Atlantic Richfield group. It is now owned by Arch Coal, the second-largest coal miner in the US, which bought the property following ARCO's withdrawal from the coal market.
GEOLOGY AND RESERVES
Black Thunder works coal reserves in the Wyodak seam. Hosted in the palaeocene Fort Union formation, which covers vast areas of Wyoming, Montana and the Dakotas, the seam at Black Thunder is gently dipping, 22m thick and locally splits into the Anderson and Canyon beds separated by up to 18m of waste. In 2004, Arch successfully bid $611m for the rights to mine the neighbouring Little Thunder reserves, which contain some 650Mt of recoverable coal, increasing the property’s reserves to 1,370Mt-plus.
COAL QUALITY
The mine produces low-sulphur, sub-bituminous coal suitable for power station fuel without any preparation except crushing. Black Thunder coal has a heating value of 20.3MJ/kg, and the ash contents are around 5% while as-received moisture is 25–30%. The moisture content of some Powder River Basin coals increases their reactivity to the extent that spontaneous combustion can be a problem if they are not properly handled.
Bingham Canyon Copper Mine, UT, USA
Located near Salt Lake City, Utah, US, Bingham Canyon celebrated its 100th anniversary in June 2003. The Bingham Canyon mine, Copperton concentrator and Garfield smelter comprise one of the largest and most up-to-date integrated copper operations in the world: major investments during the past 15 years have ensured economically and environmentally sound operation. Cumulative copper output is now about 17Mt, more than any other mine.
For much of its life, Bingham Canyon was owned by Kennecott Copper Corp. However, during the post-1973 oil crisis shake-out, the company was acquired by British Petroleum, then sold on to Rio Tinto, which operates Bingham Canyon through its 100% subsidiary, Kennecott Utah Copper Corp. The facilities employ about 1,400 people.
In early 2005, Rio Tinto committed $170m to the East 1 pushback project, which will extend the life of the open pit at Bingham Canyon until 2017.
Following research from analysts and investors, Rio revealed in 2008 it was studying deepening the 1.2km pit to shore up an extra 2.83 million tonnes of copper resources.
If this came into fruition, the additional contained copper resources could extend the mine's life from 2019 to 2036, with plans for a subsequent underground mine extending its life even further.
Rio hopes to begin the project in 2009, which is estimated to produce copper valuing about $22.67bn at current prices.
GEOLOGY AND RESERVES
The classic copper porphyry orebody is not only huge but also enjoys a fairly uniform distribution of sulphide mineralisation, mainly chalcopyrite. The existing pit will be worked out by 2013, but open pit and then underground mining will continue after that. As of end-2005, proven and probable open-pit reserves totalled 667Mt grading 0.54% copper, 0.043% molybdenum, 0.32g/t gold and 2.59g/t silver. Total open-pit and underground mineral resources were 960Mt at 0.7% copper, 0.3g/t gold, 0.03% moly and 3.1g/t silver.
OPEN-PIT MINING
The Bingham Canyon pit is now 4km across and very deep. Mining uses a rotary drilling/blasting – shovel/truck – in-pit crushing system, with two to four blasts per day. To contain costs, management has been quick to utilise the most cost-effective drilling, loading and haulage equipment and management tools available.
One of the first of the recent series of major investments was an in-pit, semi-mobile gyratory crushing unit linked to the Copperton Concentrator by an 8km conveyor system. This reduced haulage distances from the working faces substantially but even so the mine needs a large fleet of Caterpillar mechanical drive and Komatsu electric-drive trucks, mostly of 218t-capacity, to service ten P&H electric rope shovels.
For much of its life, Bingham Canyon was owned by Kennecott Copper Corp. However, during the post-1973 oil crisis shake-out, the company was acquired by British Petroleum, then sold on to Rio Tinto, which operates Bingham Canyon through its 100% subsidiary, Kennecott Utah Copper Corp. The facilities employ about 1,400 people.
In early 2005, Rio Tinto committed $170m to the East 1 pushback project, which will extend the life of the open pit at Bingham Canyon until 2017.
Following research from analysts and investors, Rio revealed in 2008 it was studying deepening the 1.2km pit to shore up an extra 2.83 million tonnes of copper resources.
If this came into fruition, the additional contained copper resources could extend the mine's life from 2019 to 2036, with plans for a subsequent underground mine extending its life even further.
Rio hopes to begin the project in 2009, which is estimated to produce copper valuing about $22.67bn at current prices.
GEOLOGY AND RESERVES
The classic copper porphyry orebody is not only huge but also enjoys a fairly uniform distribution of sulphide mineralisation, mainly chalcopyrite. The existing pit will be worked out by 2013, but open pit and then underground mining will continue after that. As of end-2005, proven and probable open-pit reserves totalled 667Mt grading 0.54% copper, 0.043% molybdenum, 0.32g/t gold and 2.59g/t silver. Total open-pit and underground mineral resources were 960Mt at 0.7% copper, 0.3g/t gold, 0.03% moly and 3.1g/t silver.
OPEN-PIT MINING
The Bingham Canyon pit is now 4km across and very deep. Mining uses a rotary drilling/blasting – shovel/truck – in-pit crushing system, with two to four blasts per day. To contain costs, management has been quick to utilise the most cost-effective drilling, loading and haulage equipment and management tools available.
One of the first of the recent series of major investments was an in-pit, semi-mobile gyratory crushing unit linked to the Copperton Concentrator by an 8km conveyor system. This reduced haulage distances from the working faces substantially but even so the mine needs a large fleet of Caterpillar mechanical drive and Komatsu electric-drive trucks, mostly of 218t-capacity, to service ten P&H electric rope shovels.
Benguérir Phosphates Mine, Morocco
Located 70km north of Marrakesh, Benguérir is the newest of Morocco’s four phosphate mining centres, having started production in 1979–80. Operated by Office Chérifien des Phosphates (OCP), the opencast mine works 24h/d in three shifts and is managed together with the Youssoufia mining and treatment centre. OCP employs around 775 people at Benguérir.
OCP, a state-owned agency formed in 1920, is solely responsible for the Benguérir, Khouribga and Youssoufia mines in central Morocco. The Oued Eddahab deposits in Western Sahara are worked by Phosboucraa, in which OCP acquired a majority interest during 1975.
OCP moved into downstream processing in 1965, converting lower-grade rock to phosphoric acid and fertilisers at its plants at the coastal town of Safi. In 1975, Maroc Phosphore was established as a 100% subsidiary of Groupe OCP, primarily to add value to more rock and to export intermediate phosphate products. The first complex was built at that time.
A second – Maroc Phosphore II – was commissioned in 1981 and a number of joint venture operations since have been established with foreign fertiliser manufacturers, the most recent project involving the Brazilian company, Bunge.
GEOLOGY AND RESERVES
Morocco’s enormous measured phosphorite resources of 85,000Mt are hosted in upper cretaceous, palaeocene and eocene sediments. Sequences comprising clays, marls, limestones and cherts contain several phosphate-rich beds. Benguérir exploits the north-central section, and Youssoufia the western part of the Ganntour reserves (31,000Mt).
Phosphate-rich beds C5 and C6 have been worked near surface while beds C1 to C6 can be worked down dip. Mineable phosphate-rich beds range from 1m to 3m in thickness and grade 22% to 28% P2O5.
MINING
In the first phase of operations (1980–94), up to 3.1Mt/y was mined from the C5 and C6 beds in the near-surface western area. Phase 2 (1994–2018) has continued at the same rate, but is now planned to rise to 4.5Mt/y as beds C1 to C4 are accessed down-dip. The strip ratio currently averages 3.5:1.
Six benches of overburden and phosphate are drilled with rotary blasthole drills and blasted. The waste is stripped by draglines, which dump the rock in the already mined out void and the phosphate loaded by electric shovel or wheel-loader into trucks for haulage to the primary crusher.
The current equipment fleet comprises: two Marion 7500 walking draglines, two P&H 2355 crawler draglines, two Bucyrus-Erie 200B draglines and two B-E 155 electric shovels, two Caterpillar 992C wheeled loaders, six blasthole drills, 22 dump trucks (from 75t to 150t capacity), 24 bulldozers, three graders and three water spray trucks.
OCP acquired the P&H draglines, two Cat and two Komatsu large dozers and four 136t Komatsu haul trucks have been bought for Phase 2.
ORE PROCESSING
Only simple treatment is undertaken at Benguérir. Feeders remove chert and flint ahead of a Krupp primary jaw crusher, which discharges to open storage. A reclaimer supplies a Koch screening plant, which separates plus-10mm waste and supplies minus-10mm wet product at 1,000t/hr by conveyor to the 800,000t-capacity storage/reclaim system.
Moist screened rock is mainly railed 167km to the chemical complex at Safi on the Atlantic coast, with the balance going first to Youssoufia for blending and processing there and thence to Safi.
Here, Benguérir rock is mainly used as feed for the Maroc Phosphore II facility, which incorporates four FCB rock washing lines and three 160,000t/y phosphoric acid plants.
OCP, a state-owned agency formed in 1920, is solely responsible for the Benguérir, Khouribga and Youssoufia mines in central Morocco. The Oued Eddahab deposits in Western Sahara are worked by Phosboucraa, in which OCP acquired a majority interest during 1975.
OCP moved into downstream processing in 1965, converting lower-grade rock to phosphoric acid and fertilisers at its plants at the coastal town of Safi. In 1975, Maroc Phosphore was established as a 100% subsidiary of Groupe OCP, primarily to add value to more rock and to export intermediate phosphate products. The first complex was built at that time.
A second – Maroc Phosphore II – was commissioned in 1981 and a number of joint venture operations since have been established with foreign fertiliser manufacturers, the most recent project involving the Brazilian company, Bunge.
GEOLOGY AND RESERVES
Morocco’s enormous measured phosphorite resources of 85,000Mt are hosted in upper cretaceous, palaeocene and eocene sediments. Sequences comprising clays, marls, limestones and cherts contain several phosphate-rich beds. Benguérir exploits the north-central section, and Youssoufia the western part of the Ganntour reserves (31,000Mt).
Phosphate-rich beds C5 and C6 have been worked near surface while beds C1 to C6 can be worked down dip. Mineable phosphate-rich beds range from 1m to 3m in thickness and grade 22% to 28% P2O5.
MINING
In the first phase of operations (1980–94), up to 3.1Mt/y was mined from the C5 and C6 beds in the near-surface western area. Phase 2 (1994–2018) has continued at the same rate, but is now planned to rise to 4.5Mt/y as beds C1 to C4 are accessed down-dip. The strip ratio currently averages 3.5:1.
Six benches of overburden and phosphate are drilled with rotary blasthole drills and blasted. The waste is stripped by draglines, which dump the rock in the already mined out void and the phosphate loaded by electric shovel or wheel-loader into trucks for haulage to the primary crusher.
The current equipment fleet comprises: two Marion 7500 walking draglines, two P&H 2355 crawler draglines, two Bucyrus-Erie 200B draglines and two B-E 155 electric shovels, two Caterpillar 992C wheeled loaders, six blasthole drills, 22 dump trucks (from 75t to 150t capacity), 24 bulldozers, three graders and three water spray trucks.
OCP acquired the P&H draglines, two Cat and two Komatsu large dozers and four 136t Komatsu haul trucks have been bought for Phase 2.
ORE PROCESSING
Only simple treatment is undertaken at Benguérir. Feeders remove chert and flint ahead of a Krupp primary jaw crusher, which discharges to open storage. A reclaimer supplies a Koch screening plant, which separates plus-10mm waste and supplies minus-10mm wet product at 1,000t/hr by conveyor to the 800,000t-capacity storage/reclaim system.
Moist screened rock is mainly railed 167km to the chemical complex at Safi on the Atlantic coast, with the balance going first to Youssoufia for blending and processing there and thence to Safi.
Here, Benguérir rock is mainly used as feed for the Maroc Phosphore II facility, which incorporates four FCB rock washing lines and three 160,000t/y phosphoric acid plants.
Batu Hijau Copper-Gold Mine, Indonesia
Batu Hijau copper-gold mine is located on the Indonesian island of Sumbawa in the province of West Nusa Tenggara, 1,530km east of Jakarta. The Contract of Work for the project is held by PT Newmont Nusa Tenggara (PTNNT), a company owned by Newmont Indonesia Ltd (USA, 45%); Nusa Tenggara Mining Corporation (Japan, 35%) and PT Pukuafu Indah (Indonesia, 20%). Newmont is the project operator and has a 52.875% equity stake.
Construction of the mine and its associated infrastructure was completed in 1999, after PTNNT had spent ten years exploring the resource, with commercial production beginning in 2000. The operation continues to be one of Newmont’s lowest cost assets. In 2005, copper sales fell 16.2% to 259,780t (2004= 310,000t) at an applicable cost of $0.53/lb and an average realised price before TRCs of $1.45/lb. However, consolidated gold sales rose to 720,500oz at applicable costs of $152/oz, as compared with 715,000oz in 2004.
Power for the project is supplied by a 120MW coal-fired plant supported by nine diesel generators.
Bata Hijau is a major gold-rich porphyry copper deposit typical of the islands of southeast Asia. These gold-rich porphyries are overwhelmingly hosted by composite stocks of diorite to quartz-diorite and, to a much lesser degree, more felsic compositions such as tonalite and monzogranite. The deposits tend to be characterised by a strong correlation between the distribution of copper sulphides (chalcopyrite and bornite) and gold as the native metal in addition to having a notably higher magnetite content. Gold typically occurs as minute (<10-15 micron) inclusions in the copper sulphides.
As of the end of 2005, Batu Hijau had an ore reserve containing 2.77Mt copper with 0.69g/t gold. At current production rates, mining should continue until 2025.
MINING AND MILLING
Batu Hijau is an open-pit mine. Ore is transported to the primary crushers using P&H 4100 electric mining shovels and a fleet of 220t-capacity Caterpillar 793C mechanical-drive haul trucks. The mine typically handles around 600,000t/d of ore and waste, the ore grading an average 0.49% copper and 0.39g/t gold.
Following primary crushing, the ore is transported to the concentrator by an overland conveyor, 1.8m wide and 6.8km long. The concentrator circuit consists of two-train SAG and ball mills, followed by primary and scavenger flotation cells, vertical regrind mills and cleaning flotation cells to produce a copper-gold concentrate grading 32% copper and 19.9g/t gold. Counter-current decantation thickeners are used to dewater the concentrate to a slurry, which is pipelined 17.6km from the plant to the port at Benete. Here it is dewatered further, then stocked in an 80,000t-capacity storage area prior to shipment by sea.
Construction of the mine and its associated infrastructure was completed in 1999, after PTNNT had spent ten years exploring the resource, with commercial production beginning in 2000. The operation continues to be one of Newmont’s lowest cost assets. In 2005, copper sales fell 16.2% to 259,780t (2004= 310,000t) at an applicable cost of $0.53/lb and an average realised price before TRCs of $1.45/lb. However, consolidated gold sales rose to 720,500oz at applicable costs of $152/oz, as compared with 715,000oz in 2004.
Power for the project is supplied by a 120MW coal-fired plant supported by nine diesel generators.
Bata Hijau is a major gold-rich porphyry copper deposit typical of the islands of southeast Asia. These gold-rich porphyries are overwhelmingly hosted by composite stocks of diorite to quartz-diorite and, to a much lesser degree, more felsic compositions such as tonalite and monzogranite. The deposits tend to be characterised by a strong correlation between the distribution of copper sulphides (chalcopyrite and bornite) and gold as the native metal in addition to having a notably higher magnetite content. Gold typically occurs as minute (<10-15 micron) inclusions in the copper sulphides.
As of the end of 2005, Batu Hijau had an ore reserve containing 2.77Mt copper with 0.69g/t gold. At current production rates, mining should continue until 2025.
MINING AND MILLING
Batu Hijau is an open-pit mine. Ore is transported to the primary crushers using P&H 4100 electric mining shovels and a fleet of 220t-capacity Caterpillar 793C mechanical-drive haul trucks. The mine typically handles around 600,000t/d of ore and waste, the ore grading an average 0.49% copper and 0.39g/t gold.
Following primary crushing, the ore is transported to the concentrator by an overland conveyor, 1.8m wide and 6.8km long. The concentrator circuit consists of two-train SAG and ball mills, followed by primary and scavenger flotation cells, vertical regrind mills and cleaning flotation cells to produce a copper-gold concentrate grading 32% copper and 19.9g/t gold. Counter-current decantation thickeners are used to dewater the concentrate to a slurry, which is pipelined 17.6km from the plant to the port at Benete. Here it is dewatered further, then stocked in an 80,000t-capacity storage area prior to shipment by sea.
Bajo de la Alumbrera Copper and Gold Mine, Argentina
The Bajo de la Alumbrera (Alumbrera) copper-gold mine in Argentina, owned and operated by Minera Alumbrera Ltd (MAA), commenced commercial operation in February 1998. The mine is located in Catamarca province, 1,100km north west of Buenos Aires at an altitude of 2,500m.
The Argentine state- and provincially-owned mining company, Yacimientos Mineros de Agua de Dionisio (YMAD), which has the title to the deposit, awarded an international tender for the Alumbrera concession to International Musto Exploration in 1992. Minera Alumbrera was formed in 1994 when MIM Holdings bought a 50% operating interest. During 1995, North Ltd and Rio Algom acquired shares in International Musto and each took a 25% holding in MAA. Pre-production capital expenditure totalled $1.2bn and capital expenditures in the 1998 and 1999 financial years were $198m and $17m respectively. Royalty payments to Catamarca province commenced in 1998. YMAD will start earning 20% of the net proceeds (before tax) once project capital plus interest has been repaid.
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In 2003, three years after Rio Tinto acquired North Ltd and Billiton (now BHP Billiton) bought Rio Algom, the two companies sold their holdings to the Canadian company, Wheaton River Minerals, while MIM was acquired by Xstrata. In 2005 Xstrata opened an office in Chile, initially to manage both Alumbrera and the company's Las Bambas copper project in Peru.
GEOLOGY AND RESERVES
The Bajo de la Alumbrera deposit is a classic copper-gold porphyry. Porphyritic dacite intrudes volcanic andesite, chalcopyrite being the main copper mineral. Near-surface weathered material overlies primary sulphide. In 2003 the mine's reserve base totalled 330Mt proven grading 0.51% copper and 0.59g/t gold plus 42Mt probable grading 0.55% copper and 0.64g/t gold.
However, 2004 drilling led MAA to reoptimise the mine plan based on a new geological model and new cost figures, and this increased contained metal reserves by more than 20%, extending the mine's life to 2015. In mid-2005, reserves were reported to be 360Mt, grading 0.46% copper and 0.51g/t gold, while mineral resources stood at 380Mt (0.47% copper and 0.51g/t gold).
The Argentine state- and provincially-owned mining company, Yacimientos Mineros de Agua de Dionisio (YMAD), which has the title to the deposit, awarded an international tender for the Alumbrera concession to International Musto Exploration in 1992. Minera Alumbrera was formed in 1994 when MIM Holdings bought a 50% operating interest. During 1995, North Ltd and Rio Algom acquired shares in International Musto and each took a 25% holding in MAA. Pre-production capital expenditure totalled $1.2bn and capital expenditures in the 1998 and 1999 financial years were $198m and $17m respectively. Royalty payments to Catamarca province commenced in 1998. YMAD will start earning 20% of the net proceeds (before tax) once project capital plus interest has been repaid.
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In 2003, three years after Rio Tinto acquired North Ltd and Billiton (now BHP Billiton) bought Rio Algom, the two companies sold their holdings to the Canadian company, Wheaton River Minerals, while MIM was acquired by Xstrata. In 2005 Xstrata opened an office in Chile, initially to manage both Alumbrera and the company's Las Bambas copper project in Peru.
GEOLOGY AND RESERVES
The Bajo de la Alumbrera deposit is a classic copper-gold porphyry. Porphyritic dacite intrudes volcanic andesite, chalcopyrite being the main copper mineral. Near-surface weathered material overlies primary sulphide. In 2003 the mine's reserve base totalled 330Mt proven grading 0.51% copper and 0.59g/t gold plus 42Mt probable grading 0.55% copper and 0.64g/t gold.
However, 2004 drilling led MAA to reoptimise the mine plan based on a new geological model and new cost figures, and this increased contained metal reserves by more than 20%, extending the mine's life to 2015. In mid-2005, reserves were reported to be 360Mt, grading 0.46% copper and 0.51g/t gold, while mineral resources stood at 380Mt (0.47% copper and 0.51g/t gold).
Assmang Manganese Mines, South Africa
The Kalahari Manganese Field, located in Northern Cape Province, about 700km southwest of Johannesburg, contains around 80% of the world's known high-grade manganese ore reserves. The district yields about 4Mt/y, mined mainly by Samancor and Assmang.
Originally established in 1935 and now jointly owned and managed by African Rainbow Minerals and Assore, Assmang wholly owns two mines near the community of Black Rock. Assmang commissioned Nchwaning in 1972 while the Gloria mine, to the south, started production in 1978. Each had a plant nominally rated to treat 1Mt/y ore.
Early in 2000, Assmang announced an expansion involving the development of a new shaft complex at Nchwaning to add about 2Mt/y of run-of-mine ore capacity, to make Nchwaning the world’s lowest-cost underground manganese mine, and to extend its lifetime by about 30 years.
The expansion, including additional treatment capacity, was commissioned in May 2004 and was completed in May 2005 at a capitalised cost of R780m. Assmang operates three eight-hour shifts per day from Monday to Friday, as well as a single shift on Saturday, employing a total of 2,510 people at its various operations.
Assmang announced recently a capital expenditure programme of R748m to more than double manganese production by 2010. Assmang mines more than 1.5 million tons of manganese ore from the Nchwaning and Gloria mines in the same region.
The company also produces manganese alloys at its Cato Ridge works in KwaZulu Natal. Assmang currently produces more than 200,000 tons of manganese alloys per year. Recently the company said it would like to build a new manganese alloy plant near the mine.
GEOLOGY AND RESERVES
The Kalahari Manganese Field lies within a large structural basin that extends approximately 40km south to north and 5km to 15km east to west, dipping gently northwest. At Black Rock, near the northern end of the basin, the Transvaal System rocks lie about 300m from surface, beneath Kalahari Formation sands and calcretes, Karroo System tillites and Waterberg System shales and quartzites.
The sub-horizontal stratabound manganese ore horizons occur in banded ironstone of the Voëlwater Formation at the top of a sequence of Transvaal System rocks. As well as being faulted, the horizons are folded.
The ore is massive and averages 48% manganese; at Nchwaning it is particularly low in phosphorus while Gloria has a higher manganese-to-iron ratio. At the end of 2006 Assmang's reserves totalled 192Mt with mineral resources of 428.4Mt.
Originally established in 1935 and now jointly owned and managed by African Rainbow Minerals and Assore, Assmang wholly owns two mines near the community of Black Rock. Assmang commissioned Nchwaning in 1972 while the Gloria mine, to the south, started production in 1978. Each had a plant nominally rated to treat 1Mt/y ore.
Early in 2000, Assmang announced an expansion involving the development of a new shaft complex at Nchwaning to add about 2Mt/y of run-of-mine ore capacity, to make Nchwaning the world’s lowest-cost underground manganese mine, and to extend its lifetime by about 30 years.
The expansion, including additional treatment capacity, was commissioned in May 2004 and was completed in May 2005 at a capitalised cost of R780m. Assmang operates three eight-hour shifts per day from Monday to Friday, as well as a single shift on Saturday, employing a total of 2,510 people at its various operations.
Assmang announced recently a capital expenditure programme of R748m to more than double manganese production by 2010. Assmang mines more than 1.5 million tons of manganese ore from the Nchwaning and Gloria mines in the same region.
The company also produces manganese alloys at its Cato Ridge works in KwaZulu Natal. Assmang currently produces more than 200,000 tons of manganese alloys per year. Recently the company said it would like to build a new manganese alloy plant near the mine.
GEOLOGY AND RESERVES
The Kalahari Manganese Field lies within a large structural basin that extends approximately 40km south to north and 5km to 15km east to west, dipping gently northwest. At Black Rock, near the northern end of the basin, the Transvaal System rocks lie about 300m from surface, beneath Kalahari Formation sands and calcretes, Karroo System tillites and Waterberg System shales and quartzites.
The sub-horizontal stratabound manganese ore horizons occur in banded ironstone of the Voëlwater Formation at the top of a sequence of Transvaal System rocks. As well as being faulted, the horizons are folded.
The ore is massive and averages 48% manganese; at Nchwaning it is particularly low in phosphorus while Gloria has a higher manganese-to-iron ratio. At the end of 2006 Assmang's reserves totalled 192Mt with mineral resources of 428.4Mt.
Alegria Iron Ore Mine, Brazil
Samarco Mineracão's Alegria iron ore mine is in Brazil's Iron Quadrangle, about 4.5km north of the depleted Germano deposit, within the districts of Mariana and Ouro Preto in the state of Minas Gerais. The process plant pumps concentrate via a slurry pipeline to facilities at Ponta Ubu on the Atlantic coast that include two pelletising plants and a shipping quay.
BHP Billiton and CVRD each has a 50% holding in Samarco. Production commenced at Alegria in 1992. The operation employed 1,336 people directly and more than 2,000 via contractors in 2005.
The company is implementing an optimisation project to increase concentrator and pelletisation capacity in the short term, and is also investing in a new concentrator and pelletisation plant, which started up in the first half of 2008. This is expected to make Samarco the world's second-largest exporter of iron-ore pellets.
GEOLOGY AND RESERVES
The deposit consists of low-grade itabiritic ore. Alegria's certified mineral reserves totalled 720Mt in 2005, sufficient to support mining for 20 years after the new concentrator comes on stream. Further exploration has the potential to raise reserves to more than 1,000Mt.
MINING
Itabiritic ore is excavated by bulldozers, loaded by front-end loaders into 177t-capacity trucks and taken to a crushing and screening plant in the blending yard. The ore is blended and stored before transport by belt conveyors to the surge pile.
An overland conveyor system transports the ore over a distance of 4km to the beneficiation plant at Germano.
GERMANO BENEFICIATION PLANT
At the Germano beneficiation plant the ore is screened, crushed and classified to feed the primary mills. This circuit assures sufficient reduction of the iron ore particles. It is then deslimed, deslimed, with the ultrafine material being removed in cluster cyclones before conventional flotation where waste material such as silica is separated from the iron particles. The ore is reground and enters a column flotation circuit.The addition of a roller press in 2004 improved productivity by 7%. The resulting concentrate is slurried with water for pipeline transport.
The concentrator is capable of an annual production of 15.5Mt of iron-ore concentrates, rising to 16.5Mt/y in 2006. Its output in the 2005 financial year was 15.1Mt, of which 13.1Mt came from Alegria ore and 2Mt from CVRD ore.
BHP Billiton and CVRD each has a 50% holding in Samarco. Production commenced at Alegria in 1992. The operation employed 1,336 people directly and more than 2,000 via contractors in 2005.
The company is implementing an optimisation project to increase concentrator and pelletisation capacity in the short term, and is also investing in a new concentrator and pelletisation plant, which started up in the first half of 2008. This is expected to make Samarco the world's second-largest exporter of iron-ore pellets.
GEOLOGY AND RESERVES
The deposit consists of low-grade itabiritic ore. Alegria's certified mineral reserves totalled 720Mt in 2005, sufficient to support mining for 20 years after the new concentrator comes on stream. Further exploration has the potential to raise reserves to more than 1,000Mt.
MINING
Itabiritic ore is excavated by bulldozers, loaded by front-end loaders into 177t-capacity trucks and taken to a crushing and screening plant in the blending yard. The ore is blended and stored before transport by belt conveyors to the surge pile.
An overland conveyor system transports the ore over a distance of 4km to the beneficiation plant at Germano.
GERMANO BENEFICIATION PLANT
At the Germano beneficiation plant the ore is screened, crushed and classified to feed the primary mills. This circuit assures sufficient reduction of the iron ore particles. It is then deslimed, deslimed, with the ultrafine material being removed in cluster cyclones before conventional flotation where waste material such as silica is separated from the iron particles. The ore is reground and enters a column flotation circuit.The addition of a roller press in 2004 improved productivity by 7%. The resulting concentrate is slurried with water for pipeline transport.
The concentrator is capable of an annual production of 15.5Mt of iron-ore concentrates, rising to 16.5Mt/y in 2006. Its output in the 2005 financial year was 15.1Mt, of which 13.1Mt came from Alegria ore and 2Mt from CVRD ore.
Aitik Copper Mine, Sweden
Located near Gällivare, northern Sweden, the low-grade Aitik copper deposit was discovered in the early 1930s. Bulk-mining technology made exploitation feasible in the 1960s and mining at Europe’s first large, low-grade open pit copper mine started in 1968 at a production rate of 2Mt/y of ore. Since then, a series of pushbacks have increased output to approximately 19Mt/y. The concentrator, expanded in parallel, ships over 200,000t/y to the Ronnskär smelter.
Since the consolidation of Outokumpu’s copper and zinc mining and smelting activities into New Boliden in January 2004, Aitik has been wholly owned by Boliden.
Boliden approved the investment of Skr5.2bn ($790m) for the expansion of the operations (Aitik 36) which will see significant increases in capacity and production.
Boliden says that the expansion will result in one of the world’s most efficient mines becoming even more efficient. On average, ore is mined at the rate of 1t/manhour. Boliden says that production at Aitik is now at 43t/manhour but will increase to 55t/manhour.
The company said recently it also expected life of mine cash costs to fall from $0.80/lb to $0.43/lb.
All this extends the mine life from 2016 to 2025, while increasing copper, gold and silver production and adding new production of molybdenum. By lowering costs, ore reserves have been tripled.
The mine currently employs 430 people, of which 280 are in the mine. This number is expected to increase significantly in line with the expansion.
Since the consolidation of Outokumpu’s copper and zinc mining and smelting activities into New Boliden in January 2004, Aitik has been wholly owned by Boliden.
Boliden approved the investment of Skr5.2bn ($790m) for the expansion of the operations (Aitik 36) which will see significant increases in capacity and production.
Boliden says that the expansion will result in one of the world’s most efficient mines becoming even more efficient. On average, ore is mined at the rate of 1t/manhour. Boliden says that production at Aitik is now at 43t/manhour but will increase to 55t/manhour.
The company said recently it also expected life of mine cash costs to fall from $0.80/lb to $0.43/lb.
All this extends the mine life from 2016 to 2025, while increasing copper, gold and silver production and adding new production of molybdenum. By lowering costs, ore reserves have been tripled.
The mine currently employs 430 people, of which 280 are in the mine. This number is expected to increase significantly in line with the expansion.
Summit Matsu Joins Thrill Ride at Dreamworld
Summit Matsu Chilling Systems has supplied the Dreamworld Resort on the Gold Coast with the chiller needed to run their newest attraction, the Mick Doohan Motocoaster.
The Mick Doohan Motocoaster is one of Dreamworld's most popular extreme thrill rides at the resort. With riders held in by a unique restraint system of life-sized replicas of 500cc racing bikes, the rollercoaster attracts hundreds of patrons on a daily basis. With a 605m track, 18 extreme turns and a maximum speed of 72km⁄h, the ride places high demand on its hydraulic system. The chiller, which Summit Matsu provided, is used to cool the hydraulic oil in the system that drives the rollercoaster. Bob Tan, from the resort, said: "It's essential, otherwise the oil gets too hot and the ride can't operate."
The reliability of the chiller was of paramount importance when Dreamworld was selecting a manufacturer. Without the ability to keep the hydraulic oil cool, the ride would not be able to operate consistently, which would significantly affect the park's revenue and credibility. Summit Matsu manufactures all its chillers out of Sydney, Australia, and uses only the best-quality parts.
The technical expertise that comes with the manufacturing process means Summit Matsu is able to design specific solutions for customer problems. With more than 40 years' experience in the industry, it provides the most reliable equipment on the market.
Mr Tan said the competitive offer that Summit Matsu made was bolstered by the fact the company was Australian. He said: "It's much easier to talk to a company based in Australia, not only because of the language but also the time zone makes getting in contact much faster."
The Mick Doohan Motocoaster is one of Dreamworld's most popular extreme thrill rides at the resort. With riders held in by a unique restraint system of life-sized replicas of 500cc racing bikes, the rollercoaster attracts hundreds of patrons on a daily basis. With a 605m track, 18 extreme turns and a maximum speed of 72km⁄h, the ride places high demand on its hydraulic system. The chiller, which Summit Matsu provided, is used to cool the hydraulic oil in the system that drives the rollercoaster. Bob Tan, from the resort, said: "It's essential, otherwise the oil gets too hot and the ride can't operate."
The reliability of the chiller was of paramount importance when Dreamworld was selecting a manufacturer. Without the ability to keep the hydraulic oil cool, the ride would not be able to operate consistently, which would significantly affect the park's revenue and credibility. Summit Matsu manufactures all its chillers out of Sydney, Australia, and uses only the best-quality parts.
The technical expertise that comes with the manufacturing process means Summit Matsu is able to design specific solutions for customer problems. With more than 40 years' experience in the industry, it provides the most reliable equipment on the market.
Mr Tan said the competitive offer that Summit Matsu made was bolstered by the fact the company was Australian. He said: "It's much easier to talk to a company based in Australia, not only because of the language but also the time zone makes getting in contact much faster."
Verder Can Stop Your Business Losing Thousands
Not all companies go out of their way to find the best solution for a pumping problem. Verder Pumps SA (VPSA) director Keith Gass said: "At VPSA, we know all pump types have advantages and may bear some shortcomings, depending on the type of application it is specified for."
Some companies, when faced with a limited capacity of pump technology and/or products, often make the pump "fit" the client's needs without ensuring the product is the best solution for the application.
In addition, clients are looking to buy down in the present economic situation, but often overlook the additional costs of energy consumption, loss of production due to downtime and maintenance. Life-cycle costing is extremely important to retain current as well as long-term profitability.
Mr Gass said: "Upgrading to more productive pumps can be perceived to be too expensive for many operations to undertake. However, there are times when it is necessary. For instance, if your plant is unproductive due to no spare parts stock availability, downtime costs outweighs your production intake, high energy consumption, or in some instances where maintenance bills are high often exceeding the new pump's initial purchase price. Changing or upgrading can be avoided by correctly specifying the right pumps for any given application in the first place."
Mr Gass said many clients were reluctant to change pumps because they were not made aware of all the technology available. "More often than not, saying 'because we have always used these pumps' does not mean the pumps are ideally suited to the application," he said.
"The need for more knowledge, maintenance issues and technical knowledge of other pump technologies are the main reasons behind clients' aversion to change. Once again, they could be wasting thousands of rands on production and downtime and/or maintenance."
The difference is that VPSA does care about your process. 'Solutions in pumping technology' are indeed what we strive for at VPSA. We know that the safe, reliable and productive handling of pumping mediums are the most important factors in the processes industry. This includes the processes in the mining and chemical industries, in food or even in pharmaceutical processes.
Handling liquids requires knowledge of processes and sometimes even empirical research and testing of the fluid. Our passionate sales engineers ensure they source the best possible solution to suit the application, providing customers with the best products, solutions and support available.
VPSA offers consultations to discuss pumping difficulties. It is the aim of VPSA to ensure the most-suited pump is selected for the right application, which sets the company apart from the other players in the market.
Mr Gass said: "At VPSA, we are determined to provide the most efficient and cost-effective solutions. Our impressive range includes peristaltic hose pumps, air-diaphragm pumps, magnetic drive centrifugal pumps, progressive cavity screw pumps and reciprocating diaphragm pumps."
Verder combines product knowledge with extensive experience in the field of sales and marketing. Clients therefore receive not only products of high quality, but also quick delivery times, competitive prices, excellent service and clarity regarding liability.
Some companies, when faced with a limited capacity of pump technology and/or products, often make the pump "fit" the client's needs without ensuring the product is the best solution for the application.
In addition, clients are looking to buy down in the present economic situation, but often overlook the additional costs of energy consumption, loss of production due to downtime and maintenance. Life-cycle costing is extremely important to retain current as well as long-term profitability.
Mr Gass said: "Upgrading to more productive pumps can be perceived to be too expensive for many operations to undertake. However, there are times when it is necessary. For instance, if your plant is unproductive due to no spare parts stock availability, downtime costs outweighs your production intake, high energy consumption, or in some instances where maintenance bills are high often exceeding the new pump's initial purchase price. Changing or upgrading can be avoided by correctly specifying the right pumps for any given application in the first place."
Mr Gass said many clients were reluctant to change pumps because they were not made aware of all the technology available. "More often than not, saying 'because we have always used these pumps' does not mean the pumps are ideally suited to the application," he said.
"The need for more knowledge, maintenance issues and technical knowledge of other pump technologies are the main reasons behind clients' aversion to change. Once again, they could be wasting thousands of rands on production and downtime and/or maintenance."
The difference is that VPSA does care about your process. 'Solutions in pumping technology' are indeed what we strive for at VPSA. We know that the safe, reliable and productive handling of pumping mediums are the most important factors in the processes industry. This includes the processes in the mining and chemical industries, in food or even in pharmaceutical processes.
Handling liquids requires knowledge of processes and sometimes even empirical research and testing of the fluid. Our passionate sales engineers ensure they source the best possible solution to suit the application, providing customers with the best products, solutions and support available.
VPSA offers consultations to discuss pumping difficulties. It is the aim of VPSA to ensure the most-suited pump is selected for the right application, which sets the company apart from the other players in the market.
Mr Gass said: "At VPSA, we are determined to provide the most efficient and cost-effective solutions. Our impressive range includes peristaltic hose pumps, air-diaphragm pumps, magnetic drive centrifugal pumps, progressive cavity screw pumps and reciprocating diaphragm pumps."
Verder combines product knowledge with extensive experience in the field of sales and marketing. Clients therefore receive not only products of high quality, but also quick delivery times, competitive prices, excellent service and clarity regarding liability.
Verder Goes for Gold
As the Verder Group celebrates its 50th anniversary, the South African operation is also celebrating more than 50 VF125 pumps sold since the company was established in 2002.
Verder Pumps SA (VPSA), part of the International Verder Group, provides first-class solutions as part of the liquids handling division to all industrial processes across South Africa and sub-Saharan Africa.
VPSA director Keith Gass said: "It is the global approach to innovation that is key to our success. The group's commitment to continuous innovation leads to providing efficient and cost-effective business solutions to seamlessly fit our customer needs.
"Solutions in pumping technology are indeed what we strive for at VPSA. We know the safe handling of liquids is one of the most important processes in the industry. This includes the processes in the mining and chemical industries, in food or even in pharmaceutical processes.
"Handling liquids requires knowledge of processes and sometimes even empirical research and testing of the fluid. Our passionate sales engineers ensure they source the best possible solution to suit the application, providing customers with the best products, solutions and support available."
It is the aim of VPSA to ensure that the most-suited pump is selected for the right application, which sets the company apart from the other players. As energy efficiency and lower operating costs dominate the agenda during the current global economic downturn, VPSA remains determined to provide the most efficient and cost-effective solutions.
VPSA supplies a range of competitive Verderair air-operated diaphragm pumps that has exploded on to the market place, as has the Verdermag mag-drive centrifugal pump range, which has been successful in the mining and chemical markets due to its guaranteed leak-free design features.
Mr Gass said: "Our notorious Verderflex peristaltic hose pump range continues to grow in popularity, in particular our largest peristaltic hose pump – Verderflex VF125 – that has set yet another record at VPSA. A total of 52 VF125 pumps have been sold from the South African operation, the most sold in the entire Verder Group.
Verder Pumps SA (VPSA), part of the International Verder Group, provides first-class solutions as part of the liquids handling division to all industrial processes across South Africa and sub-Saharan Africa.
VPSA director Keith Gass said: "It is the global approach to innovation that is key to our success. The group's commitment to continuous innovation leads to providing efficient and cost-effective business solutions to seamlessly fit our customer needs.
"Solutions in pumping technology are indeed what we strive for at VPSA. We know the safe handling of liquids is one of the most important processes in the industry. This includes the processes in the mining and chemical industries, in food or even in pharmaceutical processes.
"Handling liquids requires knowledge of processes and sometimes even empirical research and testing of the fluid. Our passionate sales engineers ensure they source the best possible solution to suit the application, providing customers with the best products, solutions and support available."
It is the aim of VPSA to ensure that the most-suited pump is selected for the right application, which sets the company apart from the other players. As energy efficiency and lower operating costs dominate the agenda during the current global economic downturn, VPSA remains determined to provide the most efficient and cost-effective solutions.
VPSA supplies a range of competitive Verderair air-operated diaphragm pumps that has exploded on to the market place, as has the Verdermag mag-drive centrifugal pump range, which has been successful in the mining and chemical markets due to its guaranteed leak-free design features.
Mr Gass said: "Our notorious Verderflex peristaltic hose pump range continues to grow in popularity, in particular our largest peristaltic hose pump – Verderflex VF125 – that has set yet another record at VPSA. A total of 52 VF125 pumps have been sold from the South African operation, the most sold in the entire Verder Group.
Introducing Shanghai Zenith's Jaw Crusher PE600x900
Shanghai Zenith's jaw crusher series includes 14 models, which can meet most crushing requirements in primary and secondary crushing.
The Jaw Crusher PE600x900 is the line's main product and is employed in a range of areas. It is widely used in the mining, metallurgical, construction, smelting, hydraulic and chemical industries.
The jaw crusher reduces large rocks or ore by compressing them. A fixed jaw mounted in a "V" alignment is the stationary breaking surface, while the moveable jaw plate exerts force on the rock by compressing it against the fixed jaw plate. The space at bottom of the V-aligned jaw plate is the output size gap, or the maximum size of the crushed product.
Jaw crusher PE600x900 technical data:
Feed opening 600mmx900mm
Max feeding size 480mm
Adjustment of range discharging opening 65mmx160mm
Capacity 90t to 180t
Power 55kw to 75kw
Weight 17t
Overall dimension 2290mmx2206mmx2370mm
The Jaw Crusher PE600x900 is the line's main product and is employed in a range of areas. It is widely used in the mining, metallurgical, construction, smelting, hydraulic and chemical industries.
The jaw crusher reduces large rocks or ore by compressing them. A fixed jaw mounted in a "V" alignment is the stationary breaking surface, while the moveable jaw plate exerts force on the rock by compressing it against the fixed jaw plate. The space at bottom of the V-aligned jaw plate is the output size gap, or the maximum size of the crushed product.
Jaw crusher PE600x900 technical data:
Feed opening 600mmx900mm
Max feeding size 480mm
Adjustment of range discharging opening 65mmx160mm
Capacity 90t to 180t
Power 55kw to 75kw
Weight 17t
Overall dimension 2290mmx2206mmx2370mm
Cidra Trial Is Success in the World’s Largest Copper Mining Company
CiDRA Minerals Processing announced the successful completion of a trial done in two mine sites of Codelco-Chile, the world’s largest copper mining company. The trial was conducted by Kairos Mining, a joint venture between Codelco and Honeywell, who chose the CiDRA's SONARtrac flow monitoring system for a challenging slurry flow application at Codelco's Andina and Norte mines.
Codelco is the world's largest copper producer, with production of 1.8 million tons of fine copper per year (about 15% of the world's production). The joint venture with Honeywell, named Kairos Mining, will help Codelco improve plant process stability and business performance.
CiDRA SONARtrac systems were chosen by Kairos Mining because of their non-invasive design, which provides exceptionally high reliability, performance and maintenance-free operation, thus lowering operating costs and total cost of ownership. The SONARtrac systems keep demonstrating their features and advantages for months in the real mine site conditions of both the Chilean Andes Mountains and the desert. TIAR Ltda., CiDRA's exclusive representative in Chile, is providing in-country support in addition to the support provided by CiDRA's headquarters in the United States.
CiDRA's SONARtrac flow technology is a new class of industrial flow meter, utilising measurement principles that are distinct from all other flow meter technologies operating in the mining industry. SONARtrac non-intrusive flow monitoring systems do not make contact with the slurry and can be removed and reinstalled when it is necessary to replace the pipe. SONARtrac systems also demonstrate a very stable output in the presence of a variety of ores and demonstrate superior levels of performance. This passive, sonar-based technology enables measurements of single phase and multiphase fluids, as well as slurries, with the same level of accuracy and performance.
Codelco is the world's largest copper producer, with production of 1.8 million tons of fine copper per year (about 15% of the world's production). The joint venture with Honeywell, named Kairos Mining, will help Codelco improve plant process stability and business performance.
CiDRA SONARtrac systems were chosen by Kairos Mining because of their non-invasive design, which provides exceptionally high reliability, performance and maintenance-free operation, thus lowering operating costs and total cost of ownership. The SONARtrac systems keep demonstrating their features and advantages for months in the real mine site conditions of both the Chilean Andes Mountains and the desert. TIAR Ltda., CiDRA's exclusive representative in Chile, is providing in-country support in addition to the support provided by CiDRA's headquarters in the United States.
CiDRA's SONARtrac flow technology is a new class of industrial flow meter, utilising measurement principles that are distinct from all other flow meter technologies operating in the mining industry. SONARtrac non-intrusive flow monitoring systems do not make contact with the slurry and can be removed and reinstalled when it is necessary to replace the pipe. SONARtrac systems also demonstrate a very stable output in the presence of a variety of ores and demonstrate superior levels of performance. This passive, sonar-based technology enables measurements of single phase and multiphase fluids, as well as slurries, with the same level of accuracy and performance.
Sunday, May 10, 2009
How Shanghai Zenith's Vertical Shaft Impact Crusher Works
Shanghai Zenith's vertical shaft impact crusher, also known as a sand-making machine and rubble-shaping machine, is a kind of crusher impacted by the materials themselves. It is of high energy but low consumption and of an internationally advanced level, having been developed by introducing outstanding foreign technology into the product. It is the most advanced and practical equipment for medium-sized and fine crushing and shaping available.
It is widely used for the fine crushing and rough grinding of metal, minerals, building aggregate, concrete, anti-fire materials, glass raw materials, manufactured sand and all kinds of metallurgical slug. It can also be used for shaping high-rank road surfaces. Compared with other kinds of crusher, it is more advanced for crushing intermediate hard, extra hard and abrasive material, such as gravel, quartz, sandstone, basalt, silicon carbide, diamond grain and sintered bauxite.
How the vertical shaft impact crusher operates
The stuffs, which fall into the high-speed rotating impeller from the upper level of the machine, are stroked with other stuffs, which move around the impeller through high-speed centrifugal force. After they strike, whirling fluid is produced between the impeller and outer covering. Through repeatedly striking and rubbing the stuffs are crushed into pieces and come out of the lower section. The operating process circulates repeatedly and achieves the fineness of the product.
It is widely used for the fine crushing and rough grinding of metal, minerals, building aggregate, concrete, anti-fire materials, glass raw materials, manufactured sand and all kinds of metallurgical slug. It can also be used for shaping high-rank road surfaces. Compared with other kinds of crusher, it is more advanced for crushing intermediate hard, extra hard and abrasive material, such as gravel, quartz, sandstone, basalt, silicon carbide, diamond grain and sintered bauxite.
How the vertical shaft impact crusher operates
The stuffs, which fall into the high-speed rotating impeller from the upper level of the machine, are stroked with other stuffs, which move around the impeller through high-speed centrifugal force. After they strike, whirling fluid is produced between the impeller and outer covering. Through repeatedly striking and rubbing the stuffs are crushed into pieces and come out of the lower section. The operating process circulates repeatedly and achieves the fineness of the product.
Verder Goes for Gold
As the Verder Group celebrates its 50th anniversary, the South African operation is also celebrating more than 50 VF125 pumps sold since the company was established in 2002.
Verder Pumps SA (VPSA), part of the International Verder Group, provides first-class solutions as part of the liquids handling division to all industrial processes across South Africa and sub-Saharan Africa.
VPSA director Keith Gass said: "It is the global approach to innovation that is key to our success. The group's commitment to continuous innovation leads to providing efficient and cost-effective business solutions to seamlessly fit our customer needs.
"Solutions in pumping technology are indeed what we strive for at VPSA. We know the safe handling of liquids is one of the most important processes in the industry. This includes the processes in the mining and chemical industries, in food or even in pharmaceutical processes.
"Handling liquids requires knowledge of processes and sometimes even empirical research and testing of the fluid. Our passionate sales engineers ensure they source the best possible solution to suit the application, providing customers with the best products, solutions and support available."
It is the aim of VPSA to ensure that the most-suited pump is selected for the right application, which sets the company apart from the other players. As energy efficiency and lower operating costs dominate the agenda during the current global economic downturn, VPSA remains determined to provide the most efficient and cost-effective solutions.
VPSA supplies a range of competitive Verderair air-operated diaphragm pumps that has exploded on to the market place, as has the Verdermag mag-drive centrifugal pump range, which has been successful in the mining and chemical markets due to its guaranteed leak-free design features.
Mr Gass said: "Our notorious Verderflex peristaltic hose pump range continues to grow in popularity, in particular our largest peristaltic hose pump – Verderflex VF125 – that has set yet another record at VPSA. A total of 52 VF125 pumps have been sold from the South African operation, the most sold in the entire Verder Group.
"The latest order for six VF125s was received for the Waterval Concentrator Retrofit plant in Rustenburg for the pump's heaviest duty to date. The pumps are being installed at the thickener underflows pumping platinum slurry with SGs between 1.8 and two, and flows ranging from 30m3/h to 50m3/h. Some 12 VF125s are already working at Waterval Smelter and the latest order brings the number of pumps to 18, with an extra pump as a spare, at the plant.
Verder Pumps SA (VPSA), part of the International Verder Group, provides first-class solutions as part of the liquids handling division to all industrial processes across South Africa and sub-Saharan Africa.
VPSA director Keith Gass said: "It is the global approach to innovation that is key to our success. The group's commitment to continuous innovation leads to providing efficient and cost-effective business solutions to seamlessly fit our customer needs.
"Solutions in pumping technology are indeed what we strive for at VPSA. We know the safe handling of liquids is one of the most important processes in the industry. This includes the processes in the mining and chemical industries, in food or even in pharmaceutical processes.
"Handling liquids requires knowledge of processes and sometimes even empirical research and testing of the fluid. Our passionate sales engineers ensure they source the best possible solution to suit the application, providing customers with the best products, solutions and support available."
It is the aim of VPSA to ensure that the most-suited pump is selected for the right application, which sets the company apart from the other players. As energy efficiency and lower operating costs dominate the agenda during the current global economic downturn, VPSA remains determined to provide the most efficient and cost-effective solutions.
VPSA supplies a range of competitive Verderair air-operated diaphragm pumps that has exploded on to the market place, as has the Verdermag mag-drive centrifugal pump range, which has been successful in the mining and chemical markets due to its guaranteed leak-free design features.
Mr Gass said: "Our notorious Verderflex peristaltic hose pump range continues to grow in popularity, in particular our largest peristaltic hose pump – Verderflex VF125 – that has set yet another record at VPSA. A total of 52 VF125 pumps have been sold from the South African operation, the most sold in the entire Verder Group.
"The latest order for six VF125s was received for the Waterval Concentrator Retrofit plant in Rustenburg for the pump's heaviest duty to date. The pumps are being installed at the thickener underflows pumping platinum slurry with SGs between 1.8 and two, and flows ranging from 30m3/h to 50m3/h. Some 12 VF125s are already working at Waterval Smelter and the latest order brings the number of pumps to 18, with an extra pump as a spare, at the plant.
OZ CEO Michelmore to Resign
OZ Minerals chief executive Andrew Michelmore will resign as soon as a sale of most of the Australia mining house's assets to China's Minmetals is completed, the company said on Tuesday.
Michelmore, the architect behind the A$1.2bn ($883m) transaction, due to be completed later this year and aimed at saving OZ from liquidation by its creditors, will take up an executive position with Minmetals, the company also said.
Michelmore, the architect behind the A$1.2bn ($883m) transaction, due to be completed later this year and aimed at saving OZ from liquidation by its creditors, will take up an executive position with Minmetals, the company also said.
Newmont's Indonesia Unit Clears Way for Share Sale
Newmont Mining's Indonesian unit said one of the main obstacles to a share sale has been resolved, paving the way for a dispute with the government to be settled as set out by an arbitration court.
Indonesia had said that Newmont could not sell a stake in its PT Newmont Nusa Tenggara (NNT) unit, which operates the Batu Hijau copper and gold mine in Sumbawa, because the shares were pledged as collateral for a $1bn loan.
Rubi Purnomo, Newmont spokesman in Indonesia, said Newmont's lenders have agreed to release the 31% stake in NNT as collateral. The company has repaid about $650m-$700m of the loan.
"We hope this confirmation (from lenders) will allow us to transfer the required shares free of any obligation within the 180-day period provided by the arbitration panel," Purnomo said, adding that the unit still needs to repay $300m-$350m of the loan.
Last month, an arbitration court ordered the foreign owners of NNT to sell part of their stake to the government within six months, after a long-running dispute.
Under the contract of works, foreign investors must sell 51% of the shares in the unit to local investors.
PT Pukuafu Indah, an Indonesian mining group, bought 20%. Newmont and Japan's Sumitomo own 45% and 35% respectively.
The arbitration court also ruled that the shares must not be encumbered by any pledge.
A resolution on the case is seen by analysts as crucial for Indonesia which, is keen to attract foreign investment to drive economic growth and create jobs.
The shares in NNT were pledged to a group of banks including the Export-Import Bank of Japan in 1997 as collateral.
Newmont began offering its NNT shares for sale in 2006, initially offering a 3% stake for $109m. The following year it offered a 7% stake worth $282m and another 7% stake worth $426m in 2008.
Newmont has valued the whole of NNT at $4.9bn and has started negotiations with the government over the price.
Indonesia had said that Newmont could not sell a stake in its PT Newmont Nusa Tenggara (NNT) unit, which operates the Batu Hijau copper and gold mine in Sumbawa, because the shares were pledged as collateral for a $1bn loan.
Rubi Purnomo, Newmont spokesman in Indonesia, said Newmont's lenders have agreed to release the 31% stake in NNT as collateral. The company has repaid about $650m-$700m of the loan.
"We hope this confirmation (from lenders) will allow us to transfer the required shares free of any obligation within the 180-day period provided by the arbitration panel," Purnomo said, adding that the unit still needs to repay $300m-$350m of the loan.
Last month, an arbitration court ordered the foreign owners of NNT to sell part of their stake to the government within six months, after a long-running dispute.
Under the contract of works, foreign investors must sell 51% of the shares in the unit to local investors.
PT Pukuafu Indah, an Indonesian mining group, bought 20%. Newmont and Japan's Sumitomo own 45% and 35% respectively.
The arbitration court also ruled that the shares must not be encumbered by any pledge.
A resolution on the case is seen by analysts as crucial for Indonesia which, is keen to attract foreign investment to drive economic growth and create jobs.
The shares in NNT were pledged to a group of banks including the Export-Import Bank of Japan in 1997 as collateral.
Newmont began offering its NNT shares for sale in 2006, initially offering a 3% stake for $109m. The following year it offered a 7% stake worth $282m and another 7% stake worth $426m in 2008.
Newmont has valued the whole of NNT at $4.9bn and has started negotiations with the government over the price.
Russia Polymetal Cuts Loss in 2008
Russian gold and silver miner Polymetal said on Wednesday it cut its net loss last year to $15.7m from 2007's $22.8m, in spite of the economic crisis.
"Financial results for 2008 demonstrate excellent fundamentals of our business in the face of the global financial crisis," Vitaly Nesis, CEO of Polymetal, said in a statement.
"Significant improvement in operating profitability and competitive cost position will definitely allow us to proceed with the aggressive expansion programme and capitalise on the re-emergence of gold as the safe-haven investment of choice."
Earnings before interest, taxation, amortisation and depreciation (EBITDA) rose by 161% to $192.6m, the statement said. Revenues rose by 63% to $502.7m.
Revenues rose due to an increase in gold and silver sales and a rise in the realised metal prices, Polymetal said.
Polymetal produced 285,000oz of gold in 2008, which is equal to some 5% of total Russian output, and 17.2 million ounces of silver.
The company's net debt stood at $312.3m at the end of 2008, up 41% from a year earlier.
"Financial results for 2008 demonstrate excellent fundamentals of our business in the face of the global financial crisis," Vitaly Nesis, CEO of Polymetal, said in a statement.
"Significant improvement in operating profitability and competitive cost position will definitely allow us to proceed with the aggressive expansion programme and capitalise on the re-emergence of gold as the safe-haven investment of choice."
Earnings before interest, taxation, amortisation and depreciation (EBITDA) rose by 161% to $192.6m, the statement said. Revenues rose by 63% to $502.7m.
Revenues rose due to an increase in gold and silver sales and a rise in the realised metal prices, Polymetal said.
Polymetal produced 285,000oz of gold in 2008, which is equal to some 5% of total Russian output, and 17.2 million ounces of silver.
The company's net debt stood at $312.3m at the end of 2008, up 41% from a year earlier.
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