Voters in 124 constituencies are taking part in the ballot. There are four other phases between round one and the last phase on 13 May.
More than 700 million Indians overall are eligible to vote for seats in the lower house of parliament.
The incumbent Congress-led coalition government is facing a challenge from the main opposition BJP-led alliance.
The two main blocs are also competing against a "third front" of communist and regional parties in a poll that is too close to call.
Results are due on 16 May and a new parliament must be in place by 2 June.
Voters began queuing up early at many polling stations across the country.
Among the high profile candidates who arrived early to cast his vote was former UN diplomat Shashi Tharoor in the southern city of Thiruvananthapuram.
"It is a great privilege to vote. It is an extra bonus to vote for myself," said Mr Tharoor, who is standing for the Congress party. "I should be able to romp home."
TV pictures showed women queuing in Assam state in a light drizzle.
A massive security operation is in place. In the eastern state of Jharkhand six paramilitary soldiers were killed in a landmine blast blamed on Maoist rebels, police said.
Local issues
The first voting takes place in constituencies spread across the country, including volatile areas in north and central India.
States where voting takes place are Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Jammu and Kashmir, Kerala, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Lakshwadeep and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
More than two million security personnel are expected to be deployed, especially after a string of recent attacks by Maoist rebels who have threatened to disrupt the vote.
Thousands of police and paramilitary troops have been deployed across the southern Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, which will vote for both national and state assembly representatives.
Wednesday, April 15, 2009
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